Arch Linux Installation
 | UNDER CONSTRUCTION: The document is currently being modified! |
Back to Category:Arch LinuxOriginally a collection of notes geared towards installing Arch Linux on dedicated servers and embedded machines to ease the transition from BSD back to Linux, this tutorial has evolved in ways I could have never imagined.
In 2012 it was transformed into a YouTube video called How to Install Arch Linux. This video was then remade in late 2012, due to major changes in the installation process, renamed as Arch Linux: System Installation.
Testing was done on my Lenovo ThinkPad X220, the following arch-iso was used:
 archlinux-2017.07.01-x86_64.iso |
Booting the Installation Media
Booting the Installation MediaPlace the copy of the Arch Linux installation media in your machine (CD/DVD or USB) and reboot. Enter BIOS if necessary to modify the boot device order in order to boot from the media.
The system will start at an EFI boot menu, which should auto boot the Arch Linux ISO in a few seconds (provided the keyboard is not touched).
When the system has finished the boot up process, it should automatically login to the terminal with the root account.
Pre-Installation
If using a non-US keymap, specify which keymap to load.
| root ~ # ls /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/ |
Organization is laid out in directories as Machine Type / Keyboard Type, take the filename without the extension and plug it into the command loadkeys.
| root ~ # loadkeys de-latin1 |
Networking
NetworkingMake sure the network is connected and internet access is working (for wired network connections, dhcp was already loaded on boot).
| root ~ # ping archlinux.org |
Connection to a wireless network requires user interaction and clearly has no idea what to connect to at boot. To connect to a wireless network use wifi-menu.
| root ~ # wifi-menu |
Installation via SSH
Installing remotely from another computer using SSH can be a lot faster, but requires the use of another machine. Remember, copy and paste work over SSH.
To start ssh in the installation environment, start the openssh service with systemd and then set the root password.
| root ~ # systemctl start sshd root ~ # passwd |
Use the ip addr command to find the IP address assigned to the machine. Logging in remotely as the root account with the password setup previously should now be possible.
Partitioning
| Filesystem | Mountpoint | Size | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Linux | / | * | root partition |
| EFI System | /boot | 64M | boot partition |
Before installation the system disk must be partitioned and formatted. For this the GPT partition scheme is used. GPT (or GUID Partition Table) came about due to the inherit 32-bit limitation in MBR limiting the maximum addressable storage space to 2TB. The operating systems (OS) that cannot boot from GPT are most notably Windows XP and all prior versions. Given that GPT forms part of the UEFI standard it will be the defacto choice if UEFI is enabled.[1]
 | If you are installing Arch in conjunction with Mac OS X and/or Windows, partitions will be Apple Core storage and/or HPFS/NTFS/exFAT respectively. When dual booting with Windows, only the Arch Linux partition needs to be partitioned/formatted as the current Windows EFI System partition will be used as is mounted to /boot. |
Pull up a list of all of the disks in the system.
| root ~ # lsblk |
The ones mounted from /run/archiso can safely be ignored as these are from the live disc image.
Having located the disk that is going to be used for the Arch system disk, make note of the device node the disk uses.
Before partitioning it is always good practice to zero the disk out.
| root ~ # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdX bs=1k count=2048 |
 | WARNING: This will wipe the entire disk! Skip this step if the disk is not being exclusively used for Arch Linux. |
With that taken care of, write a new GPT partition table with protected MBR.
| root ~ # sgdisk -Z -o /dev/sdX |
Create the Arch Linux partition (use everything but the last 64MB) and then the EFI System partition with the final 64MB; might as well setup the partition types in the same command.
| root ~ # sgdisk -n 1:0:-64M -n 2:-64M:-0 -t 1:8300 -t 2:ef00 /dev/sdX |
For ease-of-use set some names to help identify the partitions.
| root ~ # sgdisk -c 1:"Arch Linux" -c 2:"UEFI" /dev/sdX |
| When installing w/ LUKS and an encrypted root it might be a good idea to name partition one something else. |
If sgdisk has been complaining that the linux kernel is caching partition information, reboot before continuing.
A keen observer might notice that there is no swap partition. This will be covered in a later section.
 (Optional) LVM on LUKS w/ Encrypted Root Filesystem
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First setup the encryption of the system partition with 512-bit effective size.
Open the newly created LUKS partition.
Create a physical volume on top of the opened LUKS container.
Create a volume group and add the physical volume to it.
Create a swap and root logical volume. Then use lvs to make sure they were created correctly.
| ||||||||||
Formatting
With the partitions setup, they now need to be formatted.
| WARNING: If using LVM on LUKS only format the EFI System partition, then proceed to the optional part. |
For the root filesystem, using metadata_csum will enable metadata checksums for added protection against disk corruption.
| root ~ # mkfs.ext4 -O metadata_csum /dev/sdX1 |
| If this is being installed onto a portable USB, add -O "^has_journal" to the mkfs.ext4 command. |
Format the EFI System partition with FAT32.
| root ~ # mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/sdX2 |
| (Optional) LVM on LUKS w/ Encrypted Root Filesystem
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Format the root filesystem with ext4 using metadata_csum to enable metadata checksums, then setup the swap area.
Mount the root filesystem, create a directory for the EFI System partition and then mount it as well.
Now skip down to the Base Packages sub-section. | ||||
Installation
Now that the disk(s) are setup, mount the partitions and begin the Arch Linux bootstrap process.
| root ~ # mount /dev/sdX1 /mnt root ~ # mkdir /mnt/boot root ~ # mount /dev/sdX2 /mnt/boot |
| If the system is dual booting with Windows, mount the current EFI System Partition as /mnt/boot and the one dedicated to Arch Linux as /. |
Base Packages
Install the base and base-devel package groups, the rEFInd Boot Manager and a few other packages. When not using WiFi, the wpa_supplicant package can safely be removed from the list.
If the system has an Intel-based CPU the intel-ucode package is required.
| root ~ # pacstrap /mnt base base-devel efibootmgr git intel-ucode refind-efi sudo vim wpa_supplicant |
Fstab
Generate an fstab file so that Arch knows what to mount on boot. Using the -U option will use UUIDs for the source partitions, this has the advantage of not changing if the disk is plugged into another computer.
| root ~ # genfstab -pU /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab |
Be sure to confirm it was generated correctly (UUIDs line up).
| root ~ # blkid /dev/sdX1 && blkid /dev/sdX2 && cat /mnt/etc/fstab |
In order for ext4 journal data structures to also gain checksums add ,journal_checksum to the mounting options on boot.
Skip this step if installing onto a portable USB drive.
| root ~ # sed -i 's/data=ordered/data=ordered,journal_checksum/' /mnt/etc/fstab |
Again confirming this change is not a bad idea.
| (Optional) LVM on LUKS w/ Encrypted Root Filesystem
| ||
|---|---|---|
In addition add the LVM encrypted swap file to the fstab.
| ||
Chroot
Change root into the new system.
| root ~ # arch-chroot /mnt |
Begin configuration by setting a root password.
| # passwd |
Modify the mkinitcpio.conf in order to load the required kernel module for ext4 checksums on boot.
| # sed -i 's/^MODULES=""/MODULES="crc32_generic crc32c-intel"/' /etc/mkinitcpio.conf |
| If installing onto a portable USB drive, move block beforeautodetect in the mkinitcpio.conf.
| ||
| (Optional) LVM on LUKS w/ Encrypted Root Filesystem
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Modify mkinitcpio HOOKS such that it becomes like the following, this will load the required modules for LVM on LUKS (removal of base cause one can always boot from USB).
The keyboard/video modules will also need to be added to mkinitcpio, to load on boot. This will give the LUKS prompt and systemd boot the vconsole settings and make sure the keyboard works for the password prompt.
| ||||
Create the initramfs (initial RAM disk filesystem) image.
| # mkinitcpio -p linux |
Finally add a new user account and give the wheel group sudo access.
| # useradd -m -G wheel,systemd-journal -s /bin/bash kyau # passwd kyau # sed -i 's/^# %wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL$/%wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL/' /etc/sudoers |
Boot Loader
Use the refind-install script that comes pre-packaged with rEFInd to simplify the process of setting up rEFInd. We will be installing rEFInd onto the default/fallback boot path /EFI/BOOT/BOOT*.EFI. This is extremely useful for certain systems, ones that require /EFI/*/*.EFI to be signed in BIOS, and/or booting from USB flash drives.
| # refind-install --usedefault /dev/sdX2 --alldrivers |
Take the PARTUUID for sdX1 and sdX2 and edit refind.conf (look for the Arch Linux section) so that volume contains the PARTUUID for sdX2 and the options line contains the PARTUUID for sdX1 and Intel's microcode if applicable. Be sure to also update all the paths correctly and remove the disabled setting.
| # vim /boot/EFI/BOOT/refind.conf |
Once inside vim you can use the following vim console commands to insert the PARTUUID of each partition into the file.
| :r !blkid -s PARTUUID -o value /dev/sdX1 :r !blkid -s PARTUUID -o value /dev/sdX2 |
In addition uncomment the line for scan_driver_dirs and point it to the proper directory.
When finished it should look something like this:
| scan_driver_dirs EFI/BOOT/drivers menuentry "Arch Linux" icon /EFI/BOOT/icons/os_arch.png volume "XXXXXXXX-sdX2-boot-UEFI-XXXXXXXXXXXX" loader /vmlinuz-linux initrd /initramfs-linux.img options "root=PARTUUID=XXXXXXXX-sdX2-root-ext4-XXXXXXXXXXXX rw add_efi_memmap initrd=\intel-ucode.img" submenuentry "Boot using fallback initramfs" { initrd /initramfs-linux-fallback.img } submenuentry "Boot to terminal" add_options "systemd.unit=multi-user.target" } } |
The first PARTUUID is sdX2 and the second is sdX1. Save the file and exit.
| (Optional) LVM on LUKS w/ Encrypted Root Filesystem
| ||
|---|---|---|
For LVM on LUKS setting the volume is the same. Set this to the PARTUUID of the FAT32 boot partition sdX2. The UUID for the rd.luks.uuid and rd.luks.name is the encrypted root partition sdX1. while using sd-encrypt instead of encrypt we can have the swap taken care of here as far as hibernation/resume.
| ||
Networking
For networking, using systemd-networkd is best practice. Choose one of the following three options to continue.
- Wired Network with DHCP:
| # echo -e "[Match]\nName=eth0\n\n[Network]\nDHCP=ipv4" > /etc/systemd/network/50-wired.network |
- Wired Network with Static IP:
| # echo -e "[Match]\nName=eth0\n\n[Network]\nAddress=192.168.1.10/24\nGateway=192.168.1.1" > /etc/systemd/network/50-wired.network |
- Wireless:
Run one of the commands above (depending on DHCP or Static IP, changing eth0 to wlan0) and then generate a WPA supplicant configuration file and enable the service.
| # wpa_passphrase MYSSID passphrase > /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant-wlan0.conf # systemctl enable wpa_supplicant@wlan0.service |
Regardless which option was chosen, two services need to be started to enable networking on boot.
| # systemctl enable systemd-networkd # systemctl enable systemd-resolved |
System Settings
Choose a unique hostname for the system.
| # echo "arch" > /etc/hostname # echo -e "127.0.0.1\tarch.localdomain\tarch" >> /etc/hosts |
Set the proper timezone and generate /etc/adjtime. Check the /usr/share/zoneinfo directory for a list of existing zones.
| # ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Los_Angeles /etc/localtime # hwclock --systohc |
| If dual-booting with Windows, add --localtime to the hwclock command to have the clocks sync correctly between OSs. |
Choose the proper localization and uncomment it from /etc/locale.gen, the defacto English (US) standard is en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8, and then generate the needed localization.
Also add the localization to /etc/locale.conf.
| # sed -i 's/^#en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8/en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8/' /etc/locale.gen # locale-gen # echo "LANG=en_US.UTF-8" > /etc/locale.conf |
If a keyboard layout was setup at the beginning of installation, make it permanent.
| # echo "KEYMAP=de_latin1" > /etc/vconsole.conf |
Swap File
| If performing an installation of LVM on LUKS only set the sysctl variable here. |
Create a swap file on the root partition, set the proper permissions and format it to swap.
| # fallocate -l 8G /swap # chmod 600 /swap # mkswap /swap |
Create an fstab entry for the swap file so it is loaded on boot.
| # echo -e "/swap\tnone\tswap\tdefaults\t0\t0" >> /etc/fstab |
Provided the swap file was created on an SSD (which it should have been), adjust sysctl accordingly.
| # echo "vm.swappiness=1" >> /etc/sysctl.d/99-sysctl.conf |
Reboot
Exit out of the chroot environment.
| # exit |
Unmount all partitions and reboot the system.
| root ~ # umount -R /mnt && reboot |
Post-Installation
Upon first boot, login with the user account created previously.
DNS Resolution
Create a symbolic link from the systemd-resolved resolv.conf to the system version.
| # sudo ln -sf /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf |
Network Time Protocol
As it is always a good idea to keep the systems date/time in sync, for this use systemd-timesyncd.
| # sudo timedatectl set-ntp true |
Packages
To find the fastest recently updated mirrors for pacman, install the reflector package.
| # sudo pacman -S reflector |
Reflector will search through the last 100 updated mirrors that use HTTPS and sort them by download speed and then output the list to /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist overwriting the current list. This command might take a few minutes depending on internet connection speed and latency.
| # sudo reflector --latest 100 --protocol https --sort rate --save /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist |
Enable colored output in pacman.
| # sudo sed -i 's/#Color/Color/' /etc/pacman.conf |
To install aur:pacaur first manually install cower.
| # git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/cower.git # cd cower && makepkg -si && cd .. && rm -rf cower |
| If makepkg complains about GPG keys see this pinned comment or use gpg --recv-keys --keyserver hkp://pgp.mit.edu 1EB2638FF56C0C53 |
Then proceed to install pacaur manually.
| # git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/pacaur.git # cd pacaur && makepkg -si && cd .. && rm -rf pacaur |
Perform a full system update.
| # pacaur -Syu |
See also: Managing Packages Xorg
Install the base Xorg packages needed to run, xorg-server and the xorg-apps group.
| # pacaur -S xorg-server xorg-xinit xorg-apps |
Then choose a video driver to install depending on the video card in your machine.
AMD
For AMD cards there are three options xf86-video-amdgpu and xf86-video-ati which are open source and also require the mesa package for OpenGL. Or the catalyst proprietary driver can be used along with its OpenGL counterpart catalyst-libgl.
| As I have never personally owned an AMD video card I cannot personally give any advice or feedback in this area past basic installation. |
Intel
For Intel cards simply install the open source driver and the mesa OpenGL package.
| # pacaur -S xf86-video-intel mesa |
User Configuration
This is also a good time to stop and configure everything that is machine-specific, this includes hardware and terminal customization flair.
See also: ThinkPad X220: Arch Linux Notes Welcome to Arch Linux
From here install the Desktop Environment or Window Manager of choice before finally launching Xorg.
| # startx |
References
References- ^ "ArchWiki". Partitioning: Choosing between GPT and MBR. https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Partitioning#Choosing_between_GPT_and_MBR.
